YERKON
What it rests on
Every source on the site, grouped by subject. Each number rests on one of these: a published price or datasheet, a measurement, a standard or regulation, a calculation from those sources, a design choice, or an assumption written down.
Project document, in Turkish: YERKON report (PDF, 20 pages)
Standards and data
- ITU-R P.526-15 §4.5.2, delta Bullington diffraction. itu.int
- ITU-R P.452 and P.1812: how the signal weakens on its way. P.452 · P.1812
- 3GPP TR 38.901 Table 7.4.1-1: shadowing widths. 3gpp.org
- Copernicus DEM 30 m: ground heights. copernicus.eu
- OpenStreetMap and Overture: buildings, and the masts, signs and boards along the road. openstreetmap.org · overturemaps.org
- Semtech SX1280, EBYTE E28-2G4M20S and E28-2G4M12S, Qorvo DWM3000 datasheets, and the SX1280 long range test. SX1280 · E28-2G4M20S · E28-2G4M12S · DWM3000 · range test
- Tier prices from DigiKey, LCSC, JLCPCB, Mouser, Gainta and other sellers, 24 to 30 September 2026. Exchange rates: the central bank's indicative forex selling rates of 29 September 2026, 49,0013 TL a dollar and 55,6103 TL a euro. Each price's link · tcmb.gov.tr
- The rows of the comparison table that are not ours come from the bibliography below. Every note under the table links to the entry it rests on.
Bibliography
Every link in the application's bibliography, and the sources added for the cost and regulation figures. A source no note cites is still listed.
Satellite and regional satellite systems
- GPS.gov, GPS performance
- National Academies, historical GPS investment
- U.S. Government GPS Archive, yearly sustainment cost
- European Court of Auditors, Galileo deployment cost
- European Commission, Galileo operating cost
- European GNSS Service Centre, Galileo OS performance
- Kommersant, GLONASS deployment period cost
- Kommersant, GLONASS operating programme costs
- Kommersant, GLONASS programme cost items
- GOST 32454-2013, GLONASS performance thresholds
- ICAO Annex 10, GLONASS and BeiDou availability
- CASI, BeiDou programme cost estimate
- China Satellite Navigation Office, BeiDou performance
- QZSS, SLAS technical specification
- QZSS, SLAS performance report for the second half of FY2025
- Cabinet Office Japan, QZSS programme cost
- Cabinet Office Japan, QZSS budget archive
- Cabinet Office Japan, QZSS FY2026 budget
- CIA World Factbook, the world's land and water area (archived copy, 28 April 2025; the Factbook was retired on 4 February 2026)
- NASA, the Moon by the numbers (Earth column: surface area with the oceans, 510.064.472 km²)
- GPS.gov, performance standards
- Galileo Open Service performance report, Q2 2026
- BeiDou Open Service Performance Standard 2.0
- BeiDou, B1C global 95 % performance (iGMAS)
- Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, national area on 1 April 2026
NavIC
- Government of India, NavIC deployment cost
- Government of India, what the NavIC cost covers
- ISRO, NavIC accuracy and approximate service area
- ISRO, NavIC service area limits
- Government of India, current NavIC status
Terrestrial systems
- ION, NextNav TerraPoiNT P50/P95 2D performance
- NextNav, the TerraPoiNT timing network: leader beacons with atomic clocks, licensed 920-928 MHz
- Sensors, Locata: licence-free 2,4 GHz and TimeLoc synchronisation
- European Commission JRC, NextNav vertical accuracy
- SEC, NextNav investor day, Bay Area network scale
- European Commission JRC, Locata performance
- Airforce Technology, Locata White Sands coverage
- Sensors, Pozyx P50/P95 position error
- Republic of Korea MOF, eLoran project budget
- Korean journal of positioning, navigation and timing, eLoran testbed performance requirements
- Korean journal of positioning, navigation and timing, the current Korean eLoran installation
- SEC, NextNav deployments
- Inside GNSS, the Locata White Sands contract
- Pozyx, a 35.000 m² installation with 250 anchors
- MDPI Remote Sensing, eLoran 95 % horizontal accuracy and ASF
- South Korea's national maritime office, the eLoran architecture
Radio modules and papers
- SX1280 datasheet
- SX1280 long range test
- Qorvo DW3000 Data Sheet Rev 1.3, receiver sensitivity (tables 7, 8 and 9)
- Molina-Garcia-Pardo, Lienard, Degauque: Propagation in Tunnels, EURASIP JWCN 2009
- Qorvo DWM3000 datasheet
- TWR CDMA
- Semtech SX1280/SX1281 Data Sheet Rev 3.2: no ranging engine on the SX1281 (table 1-1), package marking (figure 17-2)
- EBYTE E28-2G4M27S user manual v1.3 (2024): names the chip SX1281
- EBYTE E28-2G4M20S user manual v1.30: SX1280, 20 dBm, time of flight
- EBYTE E28-2G4M12S datasheet: SX1280, 12,5 dBm
- EBYTE E28-2G4M27S product page (chip: SX1281)
- NiceRF LoRa1280F27: SX1280, 27 dBm, CE-RED and FCC certified
- NiceRF: comparing its SX1280 modules (ranging)
- EBYTE E28-2G4M20S product page (Chinese): chip SX1281, 20 dBm, 6 km (open ground, 5 dBi, 2 m, 125 kbps), ranging listed as a feature
- EBYTE: what the E22 LoRa modules do (LBT among it); the LBT link on the E28-2G4M20S page leads here
- Semtech AN1200.85 v2.0 (April 2024), channel activity detection: preamble detection is not a full-fledged carrier sense
- ExpressLRS, pull request 1243: listen before talk on the SX1280 (instantaneous RSSI), in firmware
- EBYTE E28-2G4M20S user manual v1.30, section 9: on-board PCB antenna (default) or IPEX; no gain given for the PCB antenna
- EBYTE E28-2G4M20S datasheet (Chinese, ebyte.com): 100 mW, output at least 19, typically 20, at most 21 dBm
Regulation and standards
- ETSI EN 302 065-1 V2.1.1: generic UWB
- ETSI EN 302 065-2 V2.1.1: UWB location tracking
- ETSI EN 302 065-3 V2.1.1: UWB in road and rail vehicles
- BTK: technical criteria for radio equipment exempt from frequency assignment (Board decision 23.09.2022, 2022/İK-SYD/245)
- ETSI EN 300 328 V2.2.2 (2019-07): 2,4 GHz wideband data transmission; listen before talk (LBT) with frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) (4.3.1.7.2.2)
- Travel Allowance Law 6245: place of duty (Article 3(g)), allowance on a day trip (Article 39)
- Income Tax Law 193, Article 24(2): the tax-exempt part of daily allowances
- General Lighting Regulation (no energy from the connection for any purpose but public lighting)
- Transport ministry: rules applying the rights-of-way regulation (no per-pole fee)
- TEDAŞ: rules for LED road lighting design, August 2022 (annex 1: column height 6 to 14 m by road class)
- TEDAŞ-MLZ/99-34: spun concrete pole specification, September 2017 (lengths 9,3 to 25 m)
- Regulation on Electrical Power Installations (least vertical distance to communication lines: 1 m at low voltage, 2,5 m at medium voltage)
- Eltes Mühendislik: overhead line approach distances (the regulation's table reproduced)
- Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry: 2025 base station rent rates (site selection fee 27.503,44 TL; cap of Law 3194, Additional Article 9(7))
- Presidency of Strategy and Budget: 2026 Central Government Budget Law No. 7567, Schedule H (domestic daily allowances; grades 5-15, 850 TL)
- Revenue Administration: depreciation rates table (3.49.4 radio equipment and systems 10 years, 3.14.7 accumulators 5 years)
YERKON, prices and exchange rates
- YERKON on GitHub, the simulation code and its method
- DigiKey, electronic component prices
- LCSC, electronic component prices
- Mouser, electronic component prices
- Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye, indicative rates of 29 September 2026
- Şen (2024), Menba Journal 10(1), Table 1: 1,99 % of Türkiye artificial surfaces in CORINE 2018
- General Directorate of Mapping, province and district areas (Türkiye 780.043 km²)
- LCSC: NiceRF LORA1280-TCXO price (27 September 2026)
- JLCPCB: EBYTE E28-2G4M27S price (27 September 2026)
- JLCPCB: EBYTE E28-2G4M20S price (27 September 2026)
- Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama: price guide (a 20 m bucket truck about 2.000 TL an hour, 30 % off by the day)
- Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)
- Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, electronic systems, 2025 tariff (yearly site fee for a repeater or small cell)
- Esri World Imagery (Esri, Maxar, Earthstar Geographics, GIS User Community): the simulator's photograph
- forelektrik.com: what a kWh costs, 2026 (commercial, single rate, taxes included 4,78 TL/kWh), 26 December 2025
- Milliyet Uzmanpara: the April 2026 electricity increase (low-voltage public and private services 17,5 %), 4 April 2026
- Dicle Elektrik, Suriçi: 414 luminaires on 207 poles in one weekend with 11 crews and 11 bucket trucks, 25 June 2026
- Yazılımcı Maaşları 2026 survey (1.223 respondents, net median 95.000 TL at companies in Türkiye), February 2026
- Karekod: cheapest VDS prices 2026 (6 vCPU, 8 GB, 374,90 TL a month), 25 September 2026
- Akakçe: 10 A PWM solar charge controller (cheapest 276,67 TL), September 2026
- Akakçe: solar mounting equipment (ABS panel bracket set 421,01 TL), September 2026
- Akakçe: Çet-San thermoplastic surface box 260x180x75 (147,41 TL), September 2026
- Power Enerji: solar cable prices 2026 (4 mm² 25-40 TL a metre)
- Tr724: advertising on electricity poles (distribution companies have rented pole space since 2015, the smallest poster 4.700 TL a month), 11 May 2019
- Akakçe: 10 W solar panel (cheapest 518,72 TL), September 2026
- Akakçe: 12 V 7 Ah sealed battery (cheapest 524,40 TL), September 2026
- LCAS v1.0 (Multicert, June 2026): RED radio compliance, EN 300 328, EN 301 489-1/-17, EN 62368-1 and EN 62311 together 2.500-8.000 € (before tax, indicative); EN 18031 cybersecurity extra
- Analog IC Tips (Bill Schweber, 28 September 2021): Microchip SA65 chip-scale atomic clock, about 5.500 USD for one
- Ege Test Center: accredited RED and EMC tests (ETSI EN 300 328, EN 301 489-1, -3, -17, -52; EN 17025); no published prices, quotation by online application
- TSE: testing, calibration and approved laboratory services (Electrotechnical Laboratory, Ankara and Gebze; fees through the laboratory service profile query)
- Pana Bayrak Direği: TEDAŞ-type galvanised polygonal columns 6 to 15 m (6.500 to 27.500 TL), galvanised pole 20 m 120.000 TL, 30 m 475.000 TL, September 2026
- Palmiye Aydınlatma: 2026 lighting column prices (galvanised road column 8 to 10 m, 14.000 to 28.000 TL)
- Gainta: IP65 boxes G203 (115x65x40 mm, 4,99 €), G212 (115x90x55 mm, 5,98 €), hand-held G517G(BC)-1 (1,86 €)
- JLCPCB: assembly prices (0,0016 $ a joint, setup 8,18 $, stencil 1,53 $, extended part 3,07 $), 9 September 2026
- YDL Battery: 803040 LiPo, 3,7 V, 1.000 mAh (4,27 $)
Transport policy
- 12th Transport and Communications Council, final declaration (2021)
- Ministry of Transport and Infrastructure, Transport and Logistics Master Plan (2053)
News
The code and the instructions for reproducing the results are on GitHub.