What it costs

One crew day: 17570 TL/day (worked out)

A day of the fitting and maintenance crew: bucket truck 2000 TL x 8 hours x 0,7 = 11200 TL (a certified operator comes with the hire); electrician, a thirtieth of the middle of the monthly range, 95000 TL, 3170 TL; helper, the large-city top of the band, 3200 TL. 17570 TL in all. A maintenance visit is this divided by the sites the crew reaches on that structure in a day: 17570 / 8 = 2196 TL on a lighting column, 17570 / 4 = 4392 TL on a rural distribution pole and in a tunnel. A roof needs no bucket truck: 6370 / 4 = 1592 TL.

Source: bucket truck: a 20 m bucket truck is about 2000 TL an hour in Ankara, 30 % off by the day (Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama, price guide, 2026); labour: an electrician 80000-110000 TL a month, a labourer 2500-3200 TL a day, near the top in large cities (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026)

Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama: price guide (a 20 m bucket truck about 2000 TL an hour, 30 % off by the day) · Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

Maintenance crew: 2 people (worked out)

How many people are paid a per diem: the electrician and helper priced into the crew day. The bucket truck's operator comes with the hire, and the hire company pays his per diem.

Source: the crew in the crew day: an electrician and a helper (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026); the bucket truck's operator belongs to the hire company

Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

A crew day on roofs: 6370 TL (worked out)

A crew day on roofs: no bucket truck, the roof is reached by the stairs. Electrician, a thirtieth of the middle of the monthly range, 95000 TL, 3170 TL; helper, the large-city top of the band, 3200 TL. 6370 TL in all.

Source: labour: an electrician 80000-110000 TL a month, a labourer 2500-3200 TL a day, near the top in large cities (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026)

Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

Lighting columns: 8 sites/day (worked out)

How many lighting columns a crew fits or visits in a day. A published example: 11 crews replaced 414 luminaires on 207 poles over one weekend, 18,8 poles and 37,6 luminaires a crew. The report does not give the hours, only that the work ran day and night; counting 12 hours of each of the two days, a crew replaced 1,6 luminaires an hour, 12,5 in an eight-hour day. A YERKON unit is one clamp and one supply tap on a column, no more work than a luminaire. 8 a day is a cautious figure below that; an hour a column.

Source: Dicle Elektrik, Diyarbakır Suriçi, 25 June 2026: 11 crews with 11 bucket trucks replaced 414 luminaires on 207 poles over one weekend

Dicle Elektrik, Suriçi: 414 luminaires on 207 poles in one weekend with 11 crews and 11 bucket trucks, 25 June 2026

Rural distribution poles: 4 sites/day (worked out)

How many distribution poles a crew reaches in a day in open country. Town counts an hour of work a column (columns a crew reaches in a day, the Dicle Elektrik example). Open country adds the road: two hours of the eight-hour day to and from the base, half an hour between sites (this project's estimate of the road). (8 - 2) / (1 + 0,5) = 4.

Source: Dicle Elektrik, Diyarbakır Suriçi, 25 June 2026: 11 crews with 11 bucket trucks replaced 414 luminaires on 207 poles over one weekend

Dicle Elektrik, Suriçi: 414 luminaires on 207 poles in one weekend with 11 crews and 11 bucket trucks, 25 June 2026

Tunnel: 4 sites/day (worked out)

How many units a crew fits or visits in a tunnel in a day. The work waits on the highways authority's lane closure, whose setting up and taking down takes part of the day. The work per unit is about an hour as in town (the Dicle Elektrik example); the time lost to the closure is counted like the road in open country: 4 a day.

Source: Dicle Elektrik, Diyarbakır Suriçi, 25 June 2026: 11 crews with 11 bucket trucks replaced 414 luminaires on 207 poles over one weekend

Dicle Elektrik, Suriçi: 414 luminaires on 207 poles in one weekend with 11 crews and 11 bucket trucks, 25 June 2026

Roofs: 4 sites/day (worked out)

How many roofs a crew reaches in a day. The work on a roof is as much as on a column (about an hour, the Dicle Elektrik example), but each building needs its manager found for the permission and the key; that wait is counted like the road: 4 a day.

Source: Dicle Elektrik, Diyarbakır Suriçi, 25 June 2026: 11 crews with 11 bucket trucks replaced 414 luminaires on 207 poles over one weekend

Dicle Elektrik, Suriçi: 414 luminaires on 207 poles in one weekend with 11 crews and 11 bucket trucks, 25 June 2026

Raised masts: 4 sites/day (worked out)

How many 25 m masts a crew reaches in a day. A 20 m bucket truck falls short, so the mast is climbed; masts stand far apart. The same figure as a rural distribution pole.

Source: Dicle Elektrik, Diyarbakır Suriçi, 25 June 2026: 11 crews with 11 bucket trucks replaced 414 luminaires on 207 poles over one weekend

Dicle Elektrik, Suriçi: 414 luminaires on 207 poles in one weekend with 11 crews and 11 bucket trucks, 25 June 2026

Fitting to a lighting column: 2500 TL (worked out)

One crew day: bucket truck 2000 TL x 8 hours x 0,7 = 11200 TL; electrician, a thirtieth of the middle of the monthly range, 95000 TL, 3170 TL; helper, the large-city top of the band, 3200 TL. 17570 TL in all. A crew fits eight units a day to columns that already stand (columns a crew reaches in a day, from the Dicle Elektrik example): 17570 / 8 = 2196 TL; stainless clamps, cable and a fuse 300 TL. 2496, rounded to 2500 TL. The enclosure and power supply are inside the unit.

Source: bucket truck: a 20 m bucket truck is about 2000 TL an hour in Ankara, 30 % off by the day (Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama, price guide, 2026); labour: an electrician 80000-110000 TL a month, a labourer 2500-3200 TL a day, near the top in large cities (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026)

Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama: price guide (a 20 m bucket truck about 2000 TL an hour, 30 % off by the day) · Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

Fitting to a distribution pole: 4690 TL (worked out)

One crew day: bucket truck 2000 TL x 8 hours x 0,7 = 11200 TL; electrician, a thirtieth of the middle of the monthly range, 95000 TL, 3170 TL; helper, the large-city top of the band, 3200 TL. 17570 TL in all. The sites are kilometres apart, so a crew fits four a day (poles a crew reaches in a day): 17570 / 4 = 4392 TL; clamps and cable 300 TL. 4692, rounded to 4690 TL. The panel and battery are priced apart: the solar panel and battery.

Source: bucket truck: a 20 m bucket truck is about 2000 TL an hour in Ankara, 30 % off by the day (Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama, price guide, 2026); labour: an electrician 80000-110000 TL a month, a labourer 2500-3200 TL a day, near the top in large cities (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026)

Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama: price guide (a 20 m bucket truck about 2000 TL an hour, 30 % off by the day) · Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

Fitting to a roof: 1890 TL (worked out)

No bucket truck: the roof is reached by the stairs. An electrician 3170 TL and a helper 3200 TL, four roofs a day because of permission and access (roofs a crew reaches in a day): 6370 / 4 = 1592 TL; a bracket, cable and a tap into the building's supply 300 TL. 1892, rounded to 1890 TL.

Source: labour: an electrician 80000-110000 TL a month, a labourer 2500-3200 TL a day, near the top in large cities (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026)

Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

Tunnel bracket: 4690 TL (worked out)

One crew day: bucket truck 2000 TL x 8 hours x 0,7 = 11200 TL; electrician, a thirtieth of the middle of the monthly range, 95000 TL, 3170 TL; helper, the large-city top of the band, 3200 TL. 17570 TL in all. In the tunnel the work depends on the highways authority's lane closure, so a crew fits four a day (tunnel units a crew reaches in a day): 17570 / 4 = 4392 TL; a stainless bracket, anchors and cable 300 TL. 4692, rounded to 4690 TL. The closure itself is timed to the authority's maintenance closures and not priced apart.

Source: bucket truck: a 20 m bucket truck is about 2000 TL an hour in Ankara, 30 % off by the day (Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama, price guide, 2026); labour: an electrician 80000-110000 TL a month, a labourer 2500-3200 TL a day, near the top in large cities (Yapı Arenası, 12 August 2026)

Ankara Sepetli Vinç Kiralama: price guide (a 20 m bucket truck about 2000 TL an hour, 30 % off by the day) · Yapı Arenası: 2026 trade wages (12 August 2026)

Raising a mast: 191890 TL (worked out)

A twenty-five metre mast and its fitting. No price is published for 25 m; the 20 m pole's price is carried to 25 m by the model's mast rule (cost grows with the square of height): 120000 x (25 / 20)² = 187500 TL. The 30 m price rises faster than that rule (475000 TL), so this value errs low. Fitting is a quarter of a crew day, 4392 TL: 191892, rounded to 191890 TL. The foundation and crane are not priced apart.

Source: Pana Bayrak Direği (Ankara), September 2026 list prices: a 20 m galvanised pole 120000 TL, a 30 m galvanised pole 475000 TL; TEDAŞ-type galvanised polygonal columns 6 m 6500, 8 m 9750, 10 m 14750, 12 m 18250, 14 m 24750, 15 m 27500 TL

Pana Bayrak Direği: TEDAŞ-type galvanised polygonal columns 6 to 15 m (6500 to 27500 TL), galvanised pole 20 m 120000 TL, 30 m 475000 TL, September 2026

On a lighting column: 12 m (standard)

How tall the lighting column a unit stands on is. In TEDAŞ's table the heights are a set, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 m, by road class. Kızılay's main streets are M1 to M3, so 10 to 14 m; 12 m is the middle of that. The town row was run at every value of the set (29 September 2026): at 8 m HPE P95 9,07 m, availability 94,96 %, CAPEX 10053 TL/km²; at 10 m 8,83 m, 96,18 %, 9336 TL/km²; at 12 m the table's own figures; at 14 m 8,67 m, 96,82 %, 8954 TL/km². Availability and cost improve smoothly with height and P95 does not: P95 at 12 m is higher than at 10 m and 14 m. P95 is the tail of eight shadow draws, so it moves this much.

Source: TEDAŞ, rules for LED road lighting design (August 2022), annex 1: columns 12 to 14 m on M1 roads, 10 to 12 m on M2 and M3, 8 to 10 m on M4, 8 m on M5, 6 to 8 m on footways

TEDAŞ: rules for LED road lighting design, August 2022 (annex 1: column height 6 to 14 m by road class)

On a distribution pole: 10 m (assumption)

How high a unit stands on a rural distribution pole: the pole's height above ground less 2,5 m to the medium-voltage conductors. The pole lengths are a set (TEDAŞ) and the distance comes from the regulation; no source was found for how much of the pole is buried, so the value is still an assumption. The rural row was run at three heights on the same placement (29 September 2026): at 6 m HPE P95 8,67 m, availability 91,00 %, area 327,50 km², CAPEX 1231 TL/km²; at 8 m 8,22 m, 93,26 %, 344,58 km², 1170 TL/km²; at 10 m the table's own figures. The lower the unit, the less it covers and the less often it gives a position.

Source: pole lengths: TEDAŞ-MLZ/99-34, spun concrete pole specification (9,3-10-11 m, 12-13-14 m, 15-16 m and up); distance from the conductors: the Regulation on Electrical Power Installations, least vertical distance from overhead conductors to communication lines 2,5 m at medium voltage and 1 m at low voltage; no source was found for the buried depth

TEDAŞ-MLZ/99-34: spun concrete pole specification, September 2017 (lengths 9,3 to 25 m) · Regulation on Electrical Power Installations (least vertical distance to communication lines: 1 m at low voltage, 2,5 m at medium voltage)

On a roof: 2 m (assumption)

How far the roof bracket lifts the unit above the roof. The unit's height above the ground is the building's own height plus this; the building's height is read from the fetched footprints, one building at a time.

Source: this project

On a raised mast: 25 m (assumption)

Purpose-built mast. 25 m is the height a 10 km link needs against a 2 m vehicle antenna over flat ground.

Source: this project

One unit's yearly consumption: 3 kWh/year (worked out)

One broadcast unit's yearly consumption. The unit spends nearly all its time listening: the SX1280 draws a few mA doing that and the microcontroller one or two, under 30 mW together at 3,3 V. With the mains converter's idle loss and the replies it sends, the average stays under 0,34 W, which is 3 kWh a year. That is a generous upper bound.

Source: SX1280 and STM32G0 datasheets, this project's arithmetic

Semtech SX1280/SX1281 Data Sheet Rev 3.2: no ranging engine on the SX1281 (table 1-1), package marking (figure 17-2)

Electricity tariff: 5,62 TL/kWh (worked out)

What a unit's electricity costs a kilowatt-hour. A unit cannot draw from a lighting column's public lighting circuit for free: the General Lighting Regulation allows no energy from that connection for any purpose other than public lighting; the unit counts as a separately metered commercial subscriber. 4,78 x 1,175 = 5,62 TL/kWh.

Source: commercial, low voltage, single rate, taxes included 4,78 TL/kWh, January 2026 (forelektrik.com, 26 December 2025); the increase from 4 April 2026, low-voltage public and private services 17,5 % (Milliyet Uzmanpara, 4 April 2026)

General Lighting Regulation (no energy from the connection for any purpose but public lighting) · forelektrik.com: what a kWh costs, 2026 (commercial, single rate, taxes included 4,78 TL/kWh), 26 December 2025 · Milliyet Uzmanpara: the April 2026 electricity increase (low-voltage public and private services 17,5 %), 4 April 2026

Solar panel and battery: 2090 TL (worked out)

Panel, battery, controller, bracket, box and cable for a unit on a structure with no mains. A 0,34 W load needs 8 Wh a day: a 10 W panel gives that on two hours of full sun in an Ankara winter, and an 84 Wh battery carries five days. Panel 518,72 + battery 524,40 + controller 276,67 + bracket 421,01 + an IP65 box for the battery and controller 147,41 + 5 m of cable at the top price of 40 TL a metre, 200 = 2088,21, rounded to 2090 TL.

Source: Akakçe, September 2026, the cheapest found: 10 W solar panel 518,72 TL; 12 V 7 Ah sealed battery 524,40 TL; 10 A PWM charge controller 276,67 TL; ABS solar panel mounting bracket set 421,01 TL; Çet-San thermoplastic surface box 260x180x75, IP65, 147,41 TL; 4 mm² solar cable 25-40 TL a metre (Power Enerji, solar cable prices 2026)

Akakçe: 10 W solar panel (cheapest 518,72 TL), September 2026 · Akakçe: 12 V 7 Ah sealed battery (cheapest 524,40 TL), September 2026 · Akakçe: 10 A PWM solar charge controller (cheapest 276,67 TL), September 2026 · Akakçe: solar mounting equipment (ABS panel bracket set 421,01 TL), September 2026 · Akakçe: Çet-San thermoplastic surface box 260x180x75 (147,41 TL), September 2026 · Power Enerji: solar cable prices 2026 (4 mm² 25-40 TL a metre)

Maintenance visits a year: 0,20 visits/year (design choice)

How often an anchor is visited a year. The central system sees every unit's status (each unit sends a regular "still working" message), so a crew goes when one fails rather than by the calendar. One failure in five years is a pessimistic figure for a sealed board.

Source: this project, as an operating choice

Extra off-grid visits: 0,20 visits/year (worked out)

The extra attendance an off-grid site needs: the battery is replaced every five years (the battery's life), so 1 / 5 = 0,2 visits a year; the panel is cleaned on that visit.

Source: Turkish Revenue Administration depreciation list, 3.14.7: accumulators, 5 years, 20 %

Revenue Administration: depreciation rates table (3.49.4 radio equipment and systems 10 years, 3.14.7 accumulators 5 years)

Per diem, a person a day: 850 TL/day (standard)

The daily allowance of one crew member for a day out of the city. In the private sector the tax-exempt part follows Income Tax Law 24/2: the allowance of a civil servant on the same salary level; grades 5-15 (850 TL) are taken as the nearest level for a field technician. Whether a same-day trip earns all of it or part is not verified; all of it is used, the cautious side for cost. No lodging: both sites are a day trip.

Source: Law 7567, 2026 Central Government Budget, Schedule H, B-e: grades 5-15, domestic daily allowance 850 TL

Travel Allowance Law 6245: place of duty (Article 3(g)), allowance on a day trip (Article 39) · Income Tax Law 193, Article 24(2): the tax-exempt part of daily allowances · Presidency of Strategy and Budget: 2026 Central Government Budget Law No. 7567, Schedule H (domestic daily allowances; grades 5-15, 850 TL)

Share of it on a day trip: 0,33 fraction (standard)

A maintenance visit is a day trip: the crew leaves in the morning and is back in the afternoon, so it spends the lunch time away: a third of the allowance (283,33 TL a person). Past 19.00 it would be two thirds.

Source: Travel Allowance Law 6245, Article 39: a third of the daily allowance for one of the lunch (13.00) or dinner (19.00) times away, two thirds for both, all of it for a night

Travel Allowance Law 6245: place of duty (Article 3(g)), allowance on a day trip (Article 39)

Does the town crew leave its duty station: no (design choice)

No. Travel Allowance Law, Article 3(g): in a metropolitan province the place of duty is the district the worker belongs to and the built-up area that continues it. A crew based in Çankaya serves Kızılay; no allowance inside the place of duty (Article 39).

Source: this project, the maintenance crew is based in central Ankara

Travel Allowance Law 6245: place of duty (Article 3(g)), allowance on a day trip (Article 39)

Does the open-country crew leave its duty station: no (design choice)

No: a local technical firm in Polatlı does the maintenance, no crew travels from Ankara and there is no per diem. It does not rest on the distribution company's crews, because the company may not want the work. The poles are still the company's: climbing one may need its permission and conditions, to be settled in the public protocol.

Source: maintenance model: a local technical firm

Does the tunnel crew leave its duty station: no (design choice)

No: a local technical firm in Kızılcahamam does the maintenance, no per diem. Entering the bore and closing a lane still need the highways authority's permission; visits can be timed to its maintenance closures.

Source: maintenance model: a local technical firm

Distribution pole rent, a year: 0 TL/year (design choice)

What the distribution company charges a year to carry a unit on its pole: nothing. The units go up under a public-sector agreement, with the prospect of being included in public structures that already stand, such as ITS cabinets, roadside units and distribution poles. Nor has any distribution company published a fee for equipment on its poles: the transport ministry's rights-of-way rules, Türk Telekom's connection fees and the General Lighting Regulation name no per-pole fee. Fees charged to commercial users, for comparison: distribution companies have rented advertising space on their poles since 2015 with the regulator's leave, the smallest poster 4700 TL a month (Tr724, 11 May 2019); Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality's 2025 tariff charges 24500 TL a year for a repeater or small cell on its property, and twice the site selection fee for a cabinet on a BEDAŞ or AYEDAŞ lighting column. Without the agreement, 1200 TL a pole a year would raise rural OPEX by about half.

Source: this project, as an operating choice: a public-sector agreement

Transport ministry: rules applying the rights-of-way regulation (no per-pole fee) · General Lighting Regulation (no energy from the connection for any purpose but public lighting) · Tr724: advertising on electricity poles (distribution companies have rented pole space since 2015, the smallest poster 4700 TL a month), 11 May 2019 · Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, electronic systems, 2025 tariff (yearly site fee for a repeater or small cell)

Roof rent, a year: 24500 TL/year (published price)

What the building's owner is paid a year for the roof. No published tariff for a private roof was found; the nearest published fee is the 24500 TL a year Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality charges for a small radio device. On public buildings the ceiling comes from Law 3194, additional article 9/7: 137517,20 TL a year in a metropolitan province, 82510,32 TL elsewhere. Roofs are rented, so the placement search does not offer them; this figure touches no row of the table.

Source: Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, electronic systems, 2025 tariff: 24500 TL a year for a repeater or small cell on its property

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, electronic systems, 2025 tariff (yearly site fee for a repeater or small cell) · Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry: 2025 base station rent rates (site selection fee 27503,44 TL; cap of Law 3194, Additional Article 9(7))

Cellular data line, a year: 0 TL/year (design choice)

What a year of data costs an anchor with no line of its own: nothing, because no unit carries a SIM card. A unit on a structure with a line reaches the centre over it: the tunnel's communications spine in a tunnel, a signalised junction's cabinet in town, an ITS point on the road in open country. A unit with no line passes its messages by its own radio to the nearest unit that has one. Each unit sends the centre a short "still working" message at regular intervals, and a unit whose message stops coming is taken as failed. When a receiver sees GPS jamming or spoofing it passes that to a nearby broadcast unit, and the warning reaches the centre the same way.

Source: this project, as a design choice

A unit's service life: 10 years (standard)

How many years a unit lasts before it is replaced. An anchor is a radio system, and the tax rules give that 10 years. The positioning line (3.49.8, 5 years) is for devices that locate by satellite, which an anchor does not.

Source: Turkish Revenue Administration depreciation list, 3.49.4: radio telephone, telegraph or broadcast receiving devices and systems, 10 years, 10 %

Revenue Administration: depreciation rates table (3.49.4 radio equipment and systems 10 years, 3.14.7 accumulators 5 years)

The battery's life: 5 years (standard)

The battery's useful life.

Source: Turkish Revenue Administration depreciation list, 3.14.7: accumulators, 5 years, 20 %

Revenue Administration: depreciation rates table (3.49.4 radio equipment and systems 10 years, 3.14.7 accumulators 5 years)

Central system, a year: 237000 TL/year (worked out)

Running the central management system for a year: the software that watches the units' records and tells the crew of a failure, and the person who runs it. One day a week of a developer: 95000 x 12 x 0,2 = 228000 TL; two servers backing each other up: 2 x 374,90 x 12 = 8998 TL. 236998, rounded to 237000 TL. One day a week is this project's operating choice.

Source: median developer salary, companies in Türkiye, net 95000 TL a month (Yazılımcı Maaşları 2026 survey, February 2026, 1223 respondents); a 6 vCPU, 8 GB virtual server 374,90 TL a month (Karekod, cheapest VDS prices, 25 September 2026)

Yazılımcı Maaşları 2026 survey (1223 respondents, net median 95000 TL at companies in Türkiye), February 2026 · Karekod: cheapest VDS prices 2026 (6 vCPU, 8 GB, 374,90 TL a month), 25 September 2026

Units sharing the centre: 1000 units (design choice)

How many units the central system is spread over. One person one day a week and two servers can watch the records of a thousand units; a national network spreads it wider still. That is why this is a rate a unit and not a constant added to every deployment: 237000 / 1000 = 237 TL a year.

Source: this project, as an operating choice